What is Throat cancer?
Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancer: Types, Symptoms, and Treatment in Pune
What Is Oropharyngeal (Throat) Cancer?
Oropharyngeal cancer refers to a malignant tumor that develops in the oropharynx—the middle part of the throat located behind the mouth. This region includes the base of the tongue, tonsils, soft palate, and the pharyngeal walls. These cancers typically arise from the squamous epithelial cells that line the throat. When these cells undergo genetic mutations, they begin to grow uncontrollably, forming cancerous lesions that can invade surrounding tissues.
Although the term “throat cancer” is commonly used, clinicians prefer more specific terminology, as different parts of the throat can develop distinct forms of cancer, such as oropharyngeal carcinoma, laryngeal carcinoma, or hypopharyngeal carcinoma. These cancers may present with symptoms such as persistent sore throat, difficulty swallowing, ear pain, voice changes, and enlarged neck lymph nodes.
Oropharyngeal cancers are increasingly associated with factors such as tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and infections caused by high-risk strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). Early diagnosis and comprehensive management significantly improve clinical outcomes.
Types of Oropharyngeal Cancer
- Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Originates in the nasopharynx, located behind the nasal cavity. It is often associated with Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) infection and can present with nasal congestion, hearing changes, or neck swelling.
- Oropharyngeal Cancer: Arises in the oropharynx, including the tonsils, base of the tongue, soft palate, and pharyngeal walls. Many cases are linked to high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Symptoms may include persistent sore throat, difficulty swallowing, or enlarged neck lymph nodes.
- Hypopharyngeal Cancer: Develops in the lower pharynx, just above the esophagus and larynx. Early symptoms are often subtle, which can delay diagnosis.
Risk Factors for Oropharyngeal Cancer
Prevention of Oropharyngeal Cancer
- Avoid Tobacco: Cease smoking or using smokeless tobacco; seek professional support if needed.
- Limit Alcohol Consumption: Follow recommended guidelines—up to one drink per day for women and two for men.
- Maintain a Nutritious Diet: Include fresh fruits, vegetables, and leafy greens rich in vitamins and antioxidants.
- Protect Oral Health: Practice good oral hygiene and minimize chronic irritation to the oropharyngeal region
Treatment of Oropharyngeal Cancer
- Surgery: Minimally invasive or advanced oncologic procedures, including Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS) for precise tumor excision.
- Radiotherapy: Used as a primary or adjuvant modality depending on disease stage.
- Chemotherapy: Often combined with radiotherapy for locally advanced tumors.
- Targeted Therapy: Focuses on molecular pathways promoting tumor growth.
- Immunotherapy: Administered to eligible patients with recurrent or metastatic disease.
- Rehabilitation: Swallowing and speech therapy to restore function and quality of life.
Common Signs and Symptoms
- Persistent sore throat or discomfort behind the mouth
- Difficulty swallowing or painful swallowing
- Ear pain without infection
- Neck swelling or unexplained lumps
- Voice changes or persistent hoarseness